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1.
Med. lab ; 26(3): 219-236, 2022. Tabs, ilus, Grafs
Article in Spanish | WHO COVID, LILACS (Americas) | ID: covidwho-20244331

ABSTRACT

El virus SARS-CoV-2 continúa infectando a millones de individuos en el mundo. Aunque los síntomas más frecuentes observados en los pacientes con COVID-19 son fiebre, fatiga y tos, en los casos severos la hipercoagulabilidad y la inflamación son dos condiciones que pueden producir complicaciones y causar daño en órganos, poniendo en riesgo la vida del paciente. Con el fin de clasificar a los pacientes durante el triaje, se han explorado diferentes marcadores hematológicos, incluidos el recuento de plaquetas, linfocitos y eosinófilos, y la relación neutrófilos/ linfocitos, entre otros. Por su parte, para la evaluación de las coagulopatías, se vienen determinando marcadores como el dímero D y el fibrinógeno. En esta revisión se abordan las coagulopatías y los parámetros hematológicos en pacientes con COVID-19, al igual que las anormalidades en la coagulación como la trombocitopenia trombótica inmune inducida por las vacunas contra el SARS-CoV-2


The SARS-CoV-2 virus continues to infect millions of individuals around the world. Although the most frequent symptoms observed in patients with COVID-19 are fever, fatigue and cough, in severe cases hypercoagulability and inflammation are two conditions that can cause complications and organ failure, putting the patient's life at risk. In order to classify patients during triage, different hematological markers have been explored, including platelet, lymphocyte, and eosinophil counts, and the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, among others. Furthermore, for the evaluation of coagulopathies, markers such as D-dimer and fibrinogen are being evaluated. This review addresses the coagulopathies and hematological parameters in patients with COVID-19, as well as coagulation abnormalities such as immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia induced by SARS-CoV-2 vaccines


Subject(s)
Humans , COVID-19 , Prognosis , Reference Standards , Thrombosis , Blood Coagulation , Blood Coagulation Disorders , Blood Platelets , Vaccines , Antigens, Differentiation , SARS-CoV-2 , Hematology
2.
Med.lab ; 26(4): 319-322, 2022.
Article in Spanish | WHO COVID, LILACS (Americas) | ID: covidwho-20234904

ABSTRACT

Entre finales de 2019 y mediados de 2022, la pandemia de COVID-19 ha causado más de 600 millones de casos confirmados y al menos 6,5 millones de muertes, constituyendo la emergencia de salud pública más importante de las últimas décadas. En paralelo con el transcurso de la pandemia, ha tenido lugar una carrera sin precedentes por la obtención de vacunas eficaces para el control de la rápida dispersión del virus. Cuatro meses después del anuncio de la emergencia del SARS-CoV-2, agente de la pandemia, ya habían 115 "vacunas candidatas", cinco de ellas en fase de ensayos clínicos [1]. Al mismo tiempo, una gran revolución en la producción de vacunas estaba ocurriendo; nuevas tecnologías de producción de biológicos, más eficaces y más rápidas, llevaron al desarrollo de vacunas útiles en un tiempo increíblemente corto. Antes de la pandemia, el desarrollo de una nueva vacuna típicamente solía tomar entre cinco y diez años, pero en 2020, a menos de un año de haberse declarado la pandemia, ya se habían publicado ensayos clínicos que demostraban la eficacia de varias vacunas producidas mediante tecnologías novedosas [2]. Son numerosas las vacunas contra el SARS-CoV-2 que han sido autorizadas para su uso. A la fecha, más de 12 mil millones de dosis de vacunas han sido administradas en el mundo [3]. Se estima que tres dosis de vacunas pueden evitar hasta en un 94 % el riesgo de uso de ventilación mecánica y muerte [4], así mismo, estudios demuestran que el riesgo de mortalidad por COVID-19 en los no vacunados es 25 veces mayor que en los vacunados


Subject(s)
Humans , COVID-19 , Recombinant Proteins , RNA, Messenger , Disease Vectors , COVID-19 Vaccines
3.
Med.lab ; 26(4): 375-381, 2022. ilus
Article in Spanish | WHO COVID, LILACS (Americas) | ID: covidwho-20234396

ABSTRACT

Uno de los efectos secundarios encontrados en pacientes con antecedente de vacunación por COVID-19, especialmente con la vacuna Pfizer-BioNTech, es la aparición de múltiples adenopatías hiperplásicas, principalmente en los ganglios linfáticos axilares, supraclaviculares e infraclaviculares ipsilaterales al sitio de vacunación. Presentamos el caso de una paciente femenina de 33 años, con aparición de masa dolorosa supraclavicular izquierda, quien una semana antes había sido vacunada con la primera dosis de la vacuna Pfizer-BioNTech en región deltoidea izquierda. Los hallazgos citológicos fueron sugestivos de una enfermedad linfoproliferativa, y el estudio histopatológico reveló linfadenopatía reactiva con proliferación de inmunoblastos B activados, secundaria a la vacunación contra COVID-19. Aportamos a la literatura con la caracterización de los hallazgos histopatológicos de la linfadenopatía posvacunación contra COVID-19. Es importante que los médicos tratantes y radiólogos estén familiarizados con este diagnóstico diferencial, para brindar recomendaciones adecuadas basadas en un seguimiento a corto plazo, en lugar de realizar biopsias, intervenciones y conductas inmediatas innecesarias en el manejo de los pacientes


One of the side effects found in patients with a history of vaccination for COVID-19, especially with the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, is the appearance of multiple hyperplastic adenopathies, mainly axillary, supraclavicular and infraclavicular lymph nodes ipsilateral to the vaccination site. We present the case of a 33-year-old female patient, with the appearance of a painful left supraclavicular mass, who was vaccinated a week earlier with the first dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine in the left deltoid region. The cytological findings were suggestive of a lymphoproliferative disease, and the histopathological study revealed reactive lymphadenopathy with proliferation of activated B immunoblasts, secondary to vaccination against COVID-19. We contribute to the literature with the characterization of the histopathological findings of COVID-19 post-vaccination lymphadenopathy. It is important for treating physicians and radiologists to be familiar with this differential diagnosis, in order to provide appropriate recommendations based on short-term follow-up, instead of performing unnecessary immediate biopsies or interventions in patient management.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Lymphadenopathy/chemically induced , BNT162 Vaccine/adverse effects , Lymphadenopathy/diagnosis , Lymphadenopathy/pathology
4.
Cir Cir ; 91(2): 268-276, 2023.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-20237429

ABSTRACT

Coronavirus (CoV) infections cause respiratory and enteric diseases with clinical manifestations ranging from faint to severe, even lead to death of patients. High connectivity between nations and infectivity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), represent a global health problem as the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). This CoV-2 that cause SARS, which appeared in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 originated COVID-19 and declared as pandemic a few months posterior its appearance. In this review, the genomic and spike protein characteristics of SARS-CoV-2, the role of SARS-CoV-2 in the COVID-19 pathogenesis, cytokine storm, the role of cytotoxic T and B cells against SARS-CoV-2, as well as the vaccines efficacy (taking into account mutations in the spike protein) are described.


Los coronavirus (CoV) causan enfermedades respiratorias y entéricas leves, graves o críticas, pudiendo ocasionar la muerte del paciente. Debido a la alta conectividad entre naciones y a la transmisión, actualmente la COVID-19 representa un verdadero problema de salud pública en todo el mundo. El CoV-2 causante del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS-CoV-2) apareció a finales de diciembre de 2019 en Wuhan, China, y en marzo de 2020 la COVID-19 fue declarada pandemia. En esta revisión se describen las características del genoma y de la proteína espiga del SARS-CoV-2, su papel en la inmunopatogénesis de la COVID-19, la tormenta de citocinas, la actividad citotóxica inducida por células T y la producción de anticuerpos contra el SARS-CoV-2 mediada por células B, así como la eficacia de algunas vacunas, tomando en cuenta las mutaciones presentes en la proteína espiga.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Vaccines , Humans , COVID-19/prevention & control , SARS-CoV-2 , Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics , Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
5.
Reumatol Clin (Engl Ed) ; 2023 Jun 01.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-20230729

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Recent evidence shows that COVID-19 infection does not have a worse prognosis in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMID), although they develop a worse response to vaccination. OBJECTIVE: To compare the incidence of COVID-19 and clinical features in patients with IMID between the first and sixth waves. METHOD: Prospective observational study of two cohorts of IMID patients diagnosed with COVID-19. First cohort March to May 2020, and second cohort December/2021 to February/2022. Sociodemographic and clinical variables were collected and, in the second cohort, COVID-19 vaccination status. Statistical analysis established differences in characteristics and clinical course between the two cohorts. RESULTS: In total, 1627 patients were followed up, of whom 77 (4.60%) contracted COVID-19 during the first wave and 184 in the sixth wave (11.3%). In the sixth wave, there were fewer hospitalisations, intensive care unit admissions, and deaths than in the first wave (p=.000) and 180 patients (97.8%) had at least one dose of vaccine. CONCLUSION: Early detection and vaccination have prevented the occurrence of serious complications.

6.
Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin (Engl Ed) ; 2022 Jul 26.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2325802

ABSTRACT

Today there are multiple types of flu vaccines. The emergence of nucleic acid technology used in vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 suggests its future application against this infection. Against influenza, two types of vaccines have been developed based on messenger RNA (mRNA): conventional or non-replicative and self-amplifying or replicative (auRNA), both included in lipid nanoparticles. Animal studies carried out with the former have shown their strong capacity to induce Th-1 antibodies and cellular immunity against influenza haemagglutinin (HA) with few side effects. Human trials have shown 87% seroconversion and 100% seroprotection. The auRNA vaccines have obtained similar results in animals but at a concentration 64 times lower than the conventional one. Vaccines based on mRNA platforms meet the WHO requirements for next generation influenza vaccines.

7.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 39(3): e00240022, 2023. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | WHO COVID, LILACS (Americas) | ID: covidwho-2315405

ABSTRACT

O declínio global das coberturas vacinais levou a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), em 2019, a definir a hesitação vacinal como uma das dez maiores ameaças mundiais à saúde pública. No Brasil, a queda da cobertura vacinal teve início em 2012, acentuando-se a partir de 2016, e sendo agravada pela pandemia de COVID-19. O alerta da baixa cobertura vacinal vem acompanhado pela reintrodução de doenças imunopreveníveis como o sarampo. O retorno de doenças até então eliminadas, como a poliomielite, pode agravar a crise sanitária ainda em curso. Mesmo sendo reconhecido como um dos mais efetivos programas de imunizações do mundo e dos esforços permanentes, o Programa Nacional de Imunizações enfrenta um cenário extremamente adverso no que tange às coberturas vacinais. Este artigo descreve o Projeto pela Reconquista das Altas Coberturas Vacinais (PRCV) e a estratégia de trabalhar na ponta do sistema, executada nos territórios, que vem sendo implementada desde 2021 e já começa a apresentar resultados promissores. O PRCV foi organizado em três eixos temáticos com atuação compartilhada e ações específicas, a saber: vacinação; sistemas de informação; comunicação e educação. Os resultados já alcançados permitem afirmar que é possível conseguir a reversão das baixas coberturas vacinais, a partir da articulação de ações estruturais e interinstitucionais, com o fortalecimento das políticas públicas e desenvolvimento de medidas de curto, médio e longo prazos. Os fatores mais potentes do PRCV são sua abordagem junto aos profissionais da ponta, o pacto social pela vacinação, e a estruturação de redes locais de apoio às imunizações.


The global decline in vaccine coverage led the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2019 to define vaccine hesitation as one of the world's top ten threats to public health. In Brazil, the drop in vaccination coverage began in 2012, increasing from 2016, and was aggravated by the COVID-19 pandemic. The warning of low vaccination coverage is accompanied by the reintroduction of immunopreventable diseases such as measles. The return of diseases so far eradicated, such as polio, can aggravate the ongoing health crisis. Despite the Brazilian National Immunization Program being recognized as one of the most effective worldwide and its continuous efforts, it is facing an extremely challenging scenario regarding immunization coverage. This article describes the Project for the Regaining of the High Vaccination Coverage (PRCV) and the strategy of working at the frontline, conducted in the local level, which has been implemented since 2021 and is already starting to show promising results. The PRCV was organized in three thematic axes with shared and specific actions, including: vaccination; information systems; communication and education. The outcomes achieved allow us to affirm that it is possible to reverse the low vaccination coverage, based on the articulation of structural and interinstitutional actions, with the strengthening of public policies and development of short-, medium-, and long-term measures. The most powerful factors of the PRCV are its approach to frontline professionals, the social pact for vaccination, and the establishment of local support networks for vaccinations.


La disminución global de las coberturas de vacunación llevó a la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), en 2019, a definir la vacilación de la vacunación como una de las diez mayores amenazas para la salud pública en el mundo. En Brasil, la caída de la cobertura de vacunación comenzó en 2012, se acentuó a partir de 2016 y se vio agravada por la pandemia de COVID-19. La alerta de baja cobertura vacunal va acompañada de la reintroducción de enfermedades prevenibles por vacunación como el sarampión. El regreso de enfermedades hasta ahora eliminadas, como la poliomielitis, puede agravar la crisis sanitaria aún en curso. A pesar de ser reconocido como uno de los programas de inmunización más efectivos del mundo y de los esfuerzos permanentes, el Programa Nacional de Inmunización enfrenta un escenario extremadamente adverso en lo que se refiere a las coberturas vacunales. Este artículo describe el Proyecto por la Reconquista de las Altas Coberturas Vacunales (PRCV) y la estrategia de trabajo al final del sistema, ejecutada en los territorios, que se implementa desde 2021 y ya comienza a mostrar resultados prometedores. El PRCV fue organizado en tres ejes temáticos con actuación compartida y acciones específicas, a saber: vacunación; sistemas de Información; comunicación y educación. Los resultados ya alcanzados permiten afirmar que es posible lograr la reversión de las bajas coberturas vacunales, a partir de la articulación de acciones estructurales e interinstitucionales, con el fortalecimiento de las políticas públicas y desarrollo de medidas de corto, mediano y largo plazo. Los factores más potentes del PRCV son su abordaje junto a los profesionales de la punta, el pacto social por la vacunación, y la estructuración de redes locales de apoyo a las inmunizaciones.

8.
Nefrologia (Engl Ed) ; 2023 May 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2310509

ABSTRACT

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has negatively impacted on patients of the whole CKD spectrum, causing high rates of morbi-mortality. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines opened a new era, but patients with CKD (including kidney transplant, hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis) were systematically excluded from pivotal clinical trials. The Spanish Society of Nephrology promoted the multicentric national SENCOVAC study aimed at assessing immunological responses after vaccination in patients with CKD. During the first year after vaccination, patients with non-dialysis CKD and those on hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis presented good anti-Spike antibody responses to vaccination, especially after receiving the third and fourth doses. However, kidney transplant recipients presented suboptimal responses after any vaccination schedule (initial, third and fourth dose). Especially worrisome is the situation of a patients with a persistently negative humoral response that do not seroconvert after boosters. In this regard, monoclonal antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 have been approved for high-risk patients, although they may become obsolete as the viral genome evolves. The present report reviews the current status of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in the CKD spectrum with emphasis on lessons learned from the SENCOVAC study. Predictors of humoral response, including vaccination schedules and types of vaccines, as well as the integration of vaccines, monoclonal antibodies and antiviral agents are discussed.

9.
Vitae (Medellín) ; 29(2): 1-12, 2022-05-19. Ilustraciones
Article in English | WHO COVID, LILACS (Americas) | ID: covidwho-2296185

ABSTRACT

Background: COVID-19 pandemic situation made the pharmaceutical companies develop the vaccine with different formulations in a short period. Objectives: The main objective of the review is to focus on different types of vaccine formulations available globally and the importance of technology transfer in vaccine development associated with potential risks. Results: Research on vaccine development led to various types of vaccines, such as Inactivated vaccines, Live Attenuated vaccines, Ribonucleic acid (RNA) and Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) vaccines, viral vector vaccines, and Protein Subunit Vaccines for COVID-19. But the process of vaccine development and technology transfer is lined with various risks and challenges. Through risk assessment, we found some major potential risks involved in product development; this leads to a smoother and more efficient method to develop safe vaccines available for public health. Conclusions: This review will explain the significance of technology collaboration for the faster development of various formulations of vaccines globally


Antecedentes: La situación de pandemia de COVID-19 hizo que las empresas farmacéuticas desarrollaran la vacuna con diferentes formulaciones en un corto período. Objetivos: El objetivo principal de la revisión es centrarse en los diferentes tipos de formulaciones de vacunas disponibles a nivel mundial y la importancia de la transferencia de tecnología en el desarrollo de vacunas asociado con los riesgos potenciales. Resultados: La investigación sobre el desarrollo de vacunas condujo al desarrollo de varios tipos de vacunas, como vacunas inactivadas, vacunas vivas atenuadas, vacunas de ácido ribonucleico (ARN) y ácido desoxirribonucleico (ADN), vacunas de vectores virales y vacunas de subunidades de proteínas para COVID-19. Pero el proceso de desarrollo de vacunas y transferencia de tecnología está lleno de varios riesgos y desafíos. A través de la evaluación de riesgos, encontramos algunos riesgos potenciales importantes involucrados en el desarrollo de productos, lo que conduce a un método más fluido y eficiente para desarrollar vacunas seguras disponibles para la salud pública. Conclusiones: Esta revisión dará una idea de la importancia de la colaboración tecnológica para el desarrollo más rápido de varias formulaciones de vacunas a nivel mundial


Subject(s)
Humans , Technology Transfer , COVID-19 Vaccines , Vaccine Development , Risk Assessment
10.
Rev. bras. med. fam. comunidade ; 17(44): 3355, 20220304.
Article in Portuguese | WHO COVID, LILACS (Americas) | ID: covidwho-2269867

ABSTRACT

A vacinação anual contra influenza em idosos tem sido exitosa desde a sua implementação no Brasil, atingindo as metas de cobertura vacinal. Com o surgimento da COVID-19, observaram-se dois cenários. Em 2020, a cobertura vacinal contra influenza nos idosos atingiu 120,7%; e em 2021, com o advento da vacina contra a COVID-19 e a vacinação no mesmo período da campanha de influenza, a cobertura foi de 70,9% em idosos. Em 2022, a campanha contra esta doença também foi concomitante com a aplicação das doses de reforço contra a COVID-19. Até agosto de 2022, a cobertura vacinal da influenza foi 70,2% em idosos, apesar da sua relevância para a proteção contra o subtipo A (H3N2). O texto discute estratégias para o aumento da cobertura vacinal contra influenza em idosos nos próximos anos, visando ao fortalecimento da Atenção Primária à Saúde para a sensibilização dos idosos e a adoção de estratégias de vacinação extramuros.


Annual influenza vaccination in older adults has been successful since its implementation in Brazil, reaching vaccination coverage targets. With the emergence of COVID-19, two scenarios were observed. In 2020, influenza vaccination coverage in older adults reached 120.7%; and in 2021, with the advent of the vaccine against COVID-19 and vaccination in the same period of the influenza campaign, coverage was 70.9% in the older group. In 2022, the influenza campaign was also concomitant with the application of booster doses against COVID-19. Until August 2022, influenza vaccination coverage was 70.2% in older adults, despite its relevance for protection against subtype A (H3N2). The text discusses some strategies to increase influenza vaccination coverage in older adults in the next years, aiming to strengthen Primary Health Care to raise awareness among the older adults and adopt extramural vaccination strategies.


La vacunación anual contra la influenza en ancianos ha sido existosa desde su implementación en Brasil, alcanzando las metas de cobertura de vacunación. Con la aparición del COVID-19, fue posible observar dos escenarios. En 2020, la cobertura de vacunación contra la influenza en adultos mayores alcanzó el 120,7%; y en 2021, con el advenimiento de la vacuna contra la COVID-19 y la vacunación en el mismo período de la campaña de influenza, la cobertura fue del 70,9% en los adultos mayores. En 2022, la campaña de influenza también fue concomitante con la aplicación de dosis de refuerzo contra el COVID-19. Hasta agosto de 2022, la cobertura de vacunación contra la influenza era del 70,2% en adultos mayores, a pesar de su relevancia para la protección contra el subtipo A (H3N2). El texto discute algunas estrategias para aumentar la cobertura de vacunación antigripal en ancianos en los próximos años, con el objetivo de fortalecer la Atención Primaria de Salud para sensibilizar a los ancianos y adoptar estrategias de vacunación extramuros.


Subject(s)
Influenza Vaccines , Aged , Vaccination Coverage
11.
Salud(i)ciencia (Impresa) ; 25(2): 75-80, 2022. tab.
Article in Spanish | WHO COVID, LILACS (Americas) | ID: covidwho-2249356

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Vaccines against COVID-19 are effective. However, a percentage of people with a complete vaccination scheme are at risk of contracting and becoming ill from COVID-19. These cases are known as "vaccinated cases of infection". Objective: To identify the clinical characteristics of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection with a history of vaccination for COVID-19. Methods: Retrospective cohort study in 271 vaccinated and positive patients who attended medical units in Baja California Sur, with or without a complete scheme and registered in SINOLAVE. Clinical characteristics, management, sequelae and mortality were analyzed. Descriptive statistics and association measures were used. Authorized by the ethics and research committees. Results: Age 48.5 ± 12.1 years, 19.5% met the definition of infection in vaccinated, 93% with outpatient management, 3.7% mortality, the most frequent comorbidity: diabetes / hypertension. 92% of the cases vaccinated with Cansino had COVID, followed by Pfizer with 26%. There is a higher risk of hospitalization and mortality in patients with an incomplete scheme. Conclusions: The vaccines are effective, most of the cases were ambulatory. Patients vaccinated with Cansino showed a higher COVID infection, the reinforcement of this vaccine could reduce the disease in patients already vaccinated. Of the patients who died, the majority did not have a complete vaccination schedule.


Introducción: Las vacunas contra la COVID-19 son efectivas. Sin embargo, un porcentaje de personas con esquema completo de vacunación tiene riesgo de contagiarse y enfermar por COVID-19. Estos casos se conocen como "casos de infección en vacunados". Objetivo: Identificar las características clínicas de los pacientes con infección por SARS-COV-2 con antecedente de vacunación para COVID-19.Métodos: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo con 271 vacunados y positivos que acudieron a las unidades médicas en Baja California Sur, con esquema completo o sin él y registrados en el SINOLAVE. Se analizaron características clínicas, manejo, secuelas y mortalidad. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva y medidas de asociación. El estudio fue autorizado por los comités de ética e investigación. Resultados: Edad: 48.5 ± 12.1 años; 19.5% cumplieron con la definición de infección en vacunados; 93% con manejo ambulatorio; mortalidad del 3.7%; la comorbilidad mas frecuente: diabetes/hipertensión. El 92% de los casos vacunados con Cansino presentaron COVID, seguido por los que recibieron Pfizer, con el 26%. Existe mayor riesgo de hospitalización y mortalidad en pacientes con esquema incompleto. Conclusiones: las vacunas son efectivas, la mayoría de los casos fueron ambulatorios. Los pacientes vacunados con Cansino mostraron mayor infección por SARS-CoV-2; el refuerzo de esta vacuna, podría disminuir la enfermedad en los pacientes ya vacunados. De los pacientes que murieron, la mayoría no tenía esquema completo de vacunación.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 Vaccines , Vaccines , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19 , BNT162 Vaccine , Immunity
12.
Dev World Bioeth ; 2023 Feb 28.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2287324

ABSTRACT

La humanidad ya dispone de vacunas eficaces contra el COVID-19. En Perú se administraron 86 millones de dosis para cubrir la demanda de 33 millones de peruanos. Para ello, se ha priorizado la vacunación en grupos clave: personal de salud, sujetos con condiciones de salud preexistentes y mayores de 65 años. Sin embargo, dada la problemática social y la situación de la salud pública en Perú, este trabajo defiende que la prioridad de la vacunación debe centrarse en la población que vive en extrema pobreza. El método utilizado fue una argumentación ética sobre la distribución de la vacuna contra el COVID-19 en Perú. Esta argumentación se basa en el análisis de la población peruana que vive en extrema pobreza, la cual presenta diferentes estratos de vulnerabilidad, y que, ante una eventual infección por SARS-CoV-2, se irían agravando uno tras otro, a través de un efecto en cascada. Este escenario daría lugar a nuevas vulnerabilidades de las ya existentes, causando mayores daños. Los esfuerzos de vacunación en esta población clave les brindaría oportunidad de seguir encontrando formas de llevar alimentos a sus hogares, reduciendo significativamente el riesgo de contagio en su entorno y mitigando el efecto devastador de las enfermedades locales a las que ya está expuesta. Se plantean cuatro objeciones relacionadas con este argumento, con sus correspondientes respuestas. El acceso prioritario a la vacuna reduciría significativamente el daño a las personas que viven en la extrema pobreza, haciendo prevalecer los principios de justicia y equidad.

13.
Aten Primaria ; 55(5): 102606, 2023 05.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2279469

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to provide statewide estimates of real-world effectiveness in reducing the odds of one primary (symptomatic COVID-19 infection) and two secondary outcomes (hospitalization and severe COVID-19 infection) by four vaccines BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech), ChAdOx1 (AstraZeneca), Ad5-nCoV (CanSinoBIO), and CoronaVac (Sinovac Life Sciences), used in Northeast Mexico. DESIGN: We conducted a test-negative case-control study and analyzed statewide surveillance data from December 2020 to August 2021. SITE: Primary attention and hospitalization. PARTICIPANTS: Two inclusion criteria were applied, age≥18 years and having a real-time reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction assay or a rapid test for antigen detection in postnasal samples (N=164,052). The vaccination was considered complete if at least 14 days had passed since the application of the single or second dose and the beginning of symptomatology. INTERVENTIONS: Does not apply. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Point and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of vaccine effectiveness were calculated per type of vaccine using the formula 1 - odds ratio, adjusted by sex and age. RESULTS: Complete vaccination offered from none (CoronaVac - Sinovac) to 75% (95%CI 71, 77) (BNT162b2 - Pfizer) effectiveness in reducing symptomatic COVID-19 infection, regardless of sex and age. The fully ChAdOx1 (AstraZeneca) scheme reached the maximum effectiveness in hospitalization (80%, 95%CI 69, 87) and the fully BNT162b2 (Pfizer) scheme the maximum effectiveness in severity (81%, 95%CI 64, 90). CONCLUSIONS: More studies are needed to compare benefits of different vaccines and guide policy makers select the best option for their population.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , SARS-CoV-2 , Humans , Adolescent , COVID-19/diagnosis , COVID-19/epidemiology , COVID-19/prevention & control , BNT162 Vaccine , Case-Control Studies , Mexico/epidemiology
14.
Semergen ; 49(5): 101939, 2023.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2256448

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: This study analyzed the impact of patients' age, sex, vaccination, immunosuppressive treatment, and previous comorbidities on the risk of developing persistent COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 virus reinfection. METHOD: Population-based observational retrospective study of a cohort of 110,726 patients aged 12 years or older, who were diagnosed with COVID-19 between June 1st, 2021 and February 28th, 2022 in the island of Gran Canaria. RESULTS: 340 patients suffered reinfection. The combination of advanced age, female sex and lack of complete or incomplete vaccination against COVID-19 was strongly predictive of reinfection (p<0.05). In the 188 patients who developed persistent COVID-19, the persistence of symptoms was more frequent in adult patients, women, and patients with a diagnosis of asthma. Complete vaccination was associated with a lower risk of reinfection ([OR] 0.05, 95%CI 0.04-0.07; p<0.05) and of developing persistent COVID-19 ([OR] 0.07, 95%CI 0.05-0.10; p<0.05). None of the patients with reinfection or persistent COVID-19 died during the period of the study. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed the link between age, sex, asthma and risk of persistent COVID-19. It was not possible to define the patient's comorbidities as a factor that influences the development of reinfection, but its association with age, sex, type of vaccine and hypertension was demonstrated. Higher vaccination coverage was associated with a lower risk of persistent COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 reinfection.


Subject(s)
Asthma , COVID-19 , Adult , Humans , Female , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19/epidemiology , Spain/epidemiology , Reinfection , Retrospective Studies , Asthma/epidemiology
15.
Vacunas (English Edition) ; 2023.
Article in English | ScienceDirect | ID: covidwho-2244657

ABSTRACT

Objectives To describe the opinions regarding vaccination of parents of infants aged 0–7 years in Barcelona with different profiles of vaccine hesitancy;to describe the elements contributing to hesitancy;and to explore suggestions for improvement. Materials and methods Qualitative exploratory-descriptive and phenomenological study. Thirteen semi-structured individual interviews were carried out with parents of infants with vaccine hesitancy (12 mothers and one father). A thematic content analysis was performed. Data quality was ensured through triangulation strategies. Results Among the elements contributing to vaccine hesitancy, the participants highlighted the scarce information on vaccines provided by the health system, the variability in the treatment received at the consultation and their need to make informed decisions. Insufficient information contributes to their perception that the vaccination schedule is excessive, premature and rigid, and to the low risk perception of some diseases. Although they report trust in health services, many complement it with private or non-biomedical services. Mothers considered that the COVID-19 pandemic had little influence on their hesitancy. Conclusions The hesitancy identified among the informants is attributed to the lack of information provided by the health services, the communication and treatment received at the consultation and unresolved doubts regarding the vaccination schedule. It is recommended to increase the skills of the professional teams to improve communication with parents of infants and to increase the quality of the information provided by the National Health System. Resumen Objetivos Describir las opiniones respecto a la vacunación de las personas responsables de los cuidados de infantes de 0–7 años en Barcelona con diferentes perfiles de reticencia vacunal;describir los elementos que contribuyen a la reticencia y explorar sugerencias de mejora. Materiales y métodos Estudio cualitativo exploratorio–descriptivo y fenomenológico. Se realizaron 13 entrevistas individuales semiestructuradas con responsables de infantes con reticencia vacunal (12 madres y un padre). Se efectuó un análisis temático del contenido. La calidad de los datos se garantizó mediante estrategias de triangulación. Resultados Entre los elementos que contribuyen a la reticencia vacunal, las participantes destacaron la escasa información sobre vacunas aportada por el sistema sanitario, la variabilidad en el trato recibido en la consulta y su necesidad de tomar decisiones informadas. La información insuficiente contribuye a su percepción de que el calendario vacunal es excesivo, precoz y rígido, y a la baja percepción del riesgo de algunas enfermedades. Aunque reportan confianza en los servicios sanitarios, muchas lo complementan con servicios privados o no-biomédicos. Las madres consideraban que la pandemia de COVID-19 había tenido escasa influencia en su reticencia. Conclusiones La reticencia identificada entre las informantes se atribuye a la falta de información aportada por los servicios sanitarios, a la comunicación y el trato recibido en la consulta y a las dudas no resueltas respecto al calendario vacunal. Se recomienda incrementar las habilidades de los equipos profesionales para mejorar la comunicación con las personas responsables de infantes y aumentar la calidad de la información que ofrece el Sistema Nacional de Salud.

16.
Omicron variant and the immune scape. ; 39(1):167-169, 2023.
Article in English | Academic Search Complete | ID: covidwho-2239462

ABSTRACT

The incidence of the omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has increased rapidly around the entire planet, even in vaccinated people. Sequencing results indicated that they were all from a new and genetically distinct lineage of SARS-CoV-2. This lineage was designated variant of concern and named omicron on the recommendation of the Technical Advisory Group on SARS-CoV-2. The main predominant subvariants in Mexico, the reasons for the immune escape and the current proposal to contain SARS-CoV-2 are presented. (English) [ FROM AUTHOR] La incidencia de la variante ómicron del SARS-CoV-2 se ha incrementado rápidamente en todo el planeta, aun en personas vacunadas. Los resultados de la secuenciación indicaron que todas eran de un linaje nuevo y genéticamente distinto de SARS-CoV-2. Este linaje fue designado variante de preocupación y nombrado ómicron por recomendación del Grupo Asesor Técnico sobre SARS-CoV-2. Se indican las subvariantes predominantes en México, las causas del escape inmunológico y las propuestas actuales para tratar de contener el SARS-CoV-2. (Spanish) [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Medicina Interna de Mexico is the property of Colegio de Medicina Interna de Mexico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)

17.
Anales de la Real Academia Nacional de Medicina ; 138(3):257-269, 2021.
Article in Spanish | ProQuest Central | ID: covidwho-2236434

ABSTRACT

El objetivo del estudio fue explorar los conocimientos y actitudes de los estudiantes de medicina españoles sobre las vacunas, sus fuentes de información, la formación recibida durante sus estudios y sus expectativas sobre futuras actividades formativas de postgrado. Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo transversal en tres universidades españolas entre el 1 febrero al 31 mayo de 2019, mediante una encuesta autoadministrada de 55 preguntas: cuestionario sociodemográfico basal, conocimientos sobre vacunación, vacunas necesarias en personal sanitario, fuentes de información y opinión sobre la docencia recibida en vacunología. La escala tuvo un nivel alfa de Cronbach de 0,767. Se obtuvo un 67,2% (1821/2709) de tasa de contacto, 52,2% (951/1821) de respuesta y una elegibilidad del 93,2% (887/951). La edad media fue de 21,7 ± 3,6 años, de ellos 67,9% (646/1821) mujeres. La puntuación media para el conocimiento fue 44,6 (DE 4,3), con buena proporción de respuestas correctas y con diferencias significativas entre estudiantes de primer y segundo ciclo, además de diferencias por género en dos afirmaciones: las vacunas son efectivas y la vacunación debe ser obligatoria para lograr una cobertura universal. Un 34.98% (332/949) no conocía el calendario vacunal. La puntuación media de actitudes fue 36,7 (DE 4,1). Las principales fuentes de información sobre vacunas provenían del entorno académico y la familia/Internet y 87,7% (828/951) declararon solo ≤3 cursos relacionados con la vacunación. El 80,1% (461/951) opinaba que los médicos debían ser los profesionales mejor formados en vacunación. Un 51,2% creía que las universidades deben ser la institución central para formar en vacunas durante el postgrado, frente a 25,2% colegios profesionales, 16,4% las sociedades científicas y sólo un 5,4% la industria farmacéutica. La deficitaria formación en vacunología de los estudiantes de medicina españoles debe mejorarse desde las instituciones académicas y los colegios profesionales, tanto en pregrado como en postgrado.Alternate : The objective of the study was to explore the knowledge and attitudes of Spanish medical students about vaccines, their sources of information, the training received during their studies and their future expectations about postgraduate training activities. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in three Spanish universities between February 1 and May 31, 2019, through a self-administered survey of 55 questions: baseline sociodemographic questionnaire, knowledge about vaccination, necessary vaccines in health personnel, sources of information and opinion on the teaching received in vaccinology. The scale had a Cronbach's alpha level of 0.767. There was a 67.2% (1821/2709) contact rate, a 52.2% (951/1821) response rate, and an eligibility of 93.2% (887/951). The mean age was 21.7 ± 3.6 years, of which 67.9% (646/1821) were women. The mean score for knowledge was 44.6 (SD 4.3), with a good proportion of correct answers and with significant differences between first and second cycle students, in addition to differences by gender in two statements: vaccines are effective and vaccination must be mandatory to achieve universal coverage. 34.98% (332/949) did not know the vaccination schedule. The mean attitude score was 36.7 (SD 4.1). The main sources of information on vaccines came from the academic environment and the family / internet and 87.7% (828/951) declared only ≤3 courses related to vaccination. 80.1% (461/951) believed that doctors should be the best trained professionals in vaccination. 51.2% believed that universities should be the central institution for training in vaccines during postgraduate studies, compared to 25.2% professional associations, 16.4% scientific societies and only 5.4% the pharmaceutical industry. The deficient training in vaccinology of Spanish medical students must be improved from academic institutions and professional associations, both undergraduate and graduate.

18.
Anales de la Real Academia Nacional de Medicina ; 138(2):132-136, 2021.
Article in Spanish | ProQuest Central | ID: covidwho-2234325

ABSTRACT

La pandemia COVID19 producida por el SARSCOV2 ha cambiado e impactado en todas las áreas de la Medicina, incluida la Alergología. Los profesionales y los pacientes han visto como este virus ha afectado la rutina diaria a diferentes niveles. En el presente artículo se revisarán tres aspectos relevantes. En primer lugar se describen las diferencias epidemiológicas, clínicas, diagnósticas, terapéuticas y medidas preventivas entre la rinitis debida a infección por SARSCOV2 y la rinitis alérgica por sensibilización a pólenes. En segundo lugar se revisa el impacto de las nuevas tecnologías y de la transformación digital en la rutina diaria de la Alergología a nivel asistencial y docente. Finalmente se realiza una actualización de las vacunas frente SARSCOV2 desde el punto de vista la seguridad para el paciente alérgico.Alternate : The COVID19 pandemic produced by SARSCOV2 has changed and impacted all areas of Medicine, including Allergology. Professionals and patients have seen how this virus has affected the daily routine at different levels. In this article three relevant aspects will be reviewed. First, the epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive measures differences between rhinitis due to SARSCOV2 infection and allergic rhinitis due to pollen sensitization are described. Second, the impact of new technologies and digital transformation on the daily routine of Allergology at the care and teaching level is reviewed. Finally, an update of the vaccines against SARSCOV2 is carried out from the point of view of safety for the allergic patient.

19.
An Pediatr (Engl Ed) ; 98(1): 58.e1-58.e10, 2023 Jan.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: covidwho-2165056

ABSTRACT

As it does every year, the CAV-AEP publishes the update of its recommendations for the use of vaccines in children, adolescents and pregnant women residing in Spain. The 2 + 1 schedule is maintained in infants (at 2, 4 and 11 months), including preterm infants, with the hexavalent vaccine (DTaP-IPV-Hib-HB) and the pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate vaccine. A booster dose with DTaP-IPV is needed at 6 years for those who received the 2 + 1 series with hexavalent vaccine as infants, in addition to 1 dose of dTap in adolescence. Routine vaccination of pregnant women with a dose of dTap is recommended in each pregnancy, preferably between weeks 27 and 32 of gestation, although can be given from 20 weeks if there is risk of preterm delivery. All infants should receive the rotavirus vaccine (2-3 doses) and the 4CMenB vaccine (2 + 1 series). All children aged 6-59 months should be vaccinated against influenza each year. The MenACWY vaccine should be given routinely at 12 months of age and in adolescence between ages 12 and 18 years. The recommendations for the MMR vaccine (12 months and 3-4 years) and varicella vaccine (15 months and 3-4 years) also remain unchanged, using the MMRV vaccine for the second dose. Recommendations for the use of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in the paediatric age group will be updated periodically on the CAV-AEP website. The HPV vaccine is indicated in all adolescents, regardless of sex, at age 12 years. Novelties include the recommendation of routine administration of nirsevimab to neonates and infants aged less than 6 months for passive immunization against RSV, and the recommendations regarding the hexavalent vaccine are consolidated in a single section.


Subject(s)
COVID-19 , Meningococcal Infections , Meningococcal Vaccines , Rotavirus Vaccines , Pregnancy , Infant , Adolescent , Child , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Female , Immunization Schedule , COVID-19 Vaccines , Infant, Premature , SARS-CoV-2 , Bacterial Vaccines , Vaccines, Combined
20.
Anales de Pediatría ; 98(1):58.e1-58.e10, 2023.
Article in English | ScienceDirect | ID: covidwho-2165057

ABSTRACT

Resumen Como cada año, el Comité Asesor de Vacunas de la Asociación Española de Pediatría (CAV-AEP) actualiza sus recomendaciones de inmunización en niños, adolescentes y embarazadas residentes en España. Se mantiene el esquema 2+1 en lactantes (dos, cuatro y 11 meses), incluyendo prematuros, para vacunas hexavalentes (DTPa-VPI-Hib-HB) y neumocócica conjugada 13-valente. A los seis años de edad, refuerzo con DTPa-VPI a los que recibieron la pauta 2+1 con hexavalentes siendo lactantes, y, en la adolescencia, Tdpa, una dosis. En gestantes, Tdpa en cada embarazo, preferentemente entre las semanas 27 y 32, aunque si hay riesgo de parto pretérmino se puede desde la semana 20 de gestación. Todos los lactantes deben recibir vacunas contra rotavirus (dos o tres dosis) y meningococo B (2+1). Todos los niños de entre seis y 59 meses deben ser vacunados anualmente contra la gripe, además de los grupos de riesgo desde los 6 meses. MenACWY debe administrarse a los 12 meses de edad y a los adolescentes entre 12 y 18 años que no la hayan recibido. Se mantienen las recomendaciones sobre SRP (12 meses y tres a cuatro años) y varicela (15 meses y tres a cuatro años), procurando en la segunda dosis el uso de la vacuna tetravírica (SRPV). Las recomendaciones para el uso de las vacunas contra la COVID-19 en la edad pediátrica se actualizarán periódicamente en la web del CAV-AEP. Vacuna contra el virus del papiloma humanon (VPH) indicada para todos los adolescentes, independientemente del género, a los 12 años. Como novedades, se incluyen la recomendación de uso de nirsevimab sistemático en recién nacidos y lactantes menores de seis meses como inmunización pasiva contra el virus respiratorio sincitial (VRS), y se aglutinan las hexavalentes en un solo apartado. As it does every year, the CAV-AEP publishes the update of its recommendations for the use of vaccines in children, adolescents and pregnant women residing in Spain. The 2 + 1 schedule is maintained in infants (at 2, 4 and 11 months), including preterm infants, with the hexavalent vaccine (DTaP-IPV-Hib-HB) and the pneumococcal 13-valent conjugate vaccine. A booster dose with DTaP-IPV is needed at 6 years for those who received the 2 + 1 series with hexavalent vaccine as infants, in addition to 1 dose of dTap in adolescence. Routine vaccination of pregnant women with a dose of dTap is recommended in each pregnancy, preferably between weeks 27 and 32 of gestation, although can be given from 20 weeks if there is risk of preterm delivery. All infants should receive the rotavirus vaccine (2–3 doses) and the 4 CMenB vaccine (2 + 1 series). All children aged 6–59 months should be vaccinated against influenza each year, in addition to risk groups from 6 months. The MenACWY vaccine should be given routinely at 12 months of age and in adolescence between ages 12 and 18 years. The recommendations for the MMR vaccine (12 months and 3–4 years) and varicella vaccine (15 months and 3–4 years) also remain unchanged, using the MMRV vaccine for the second dose. Recommendations for the use of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in the paediatric age group will be updated periodically on the CAV-AEP website. The HPV vaccine is indicated in all adolescents, regardless of sex, at age 12 years. Novelties include the recommendation of routine administration of nirsevimab to neonates and infants aged less than 6 months for passive immunization against RSV, and the recommendations regarding the hexavalent vaccine are consolidated in a single section.

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